What Are the Gnomic Present Tense Verbs

In English grammar, the gnomic present is a verb in the present tense used  to express a general truth without reference to time. The gnomic present is also called gnomic aspect and generic aspect. The gnomic present can often be found in  maxims, proverbs,  and  aphorisms. The word gnomic comes from the Greek for thought, judgment. There is a difference between the gnomic present and the historical present. Karen Raber, Ashgate Critical Essays on Women Writers in England The  gnomic present  reassures the reader that the history does not depart from received wisdom while the historic present suggests to the listener that its significance is relevant to the moment in which the story is told.   Examples and Observations A fool and his money are soon parted.A penny saved is a penny earned.A rising tide lifts all boats.A rolling stone gathers no moss.The secret of happiness is  not to do what you like to do but to learn to like what you have to do.The earth rotates  on its axis every 24 hours  and revolves around the sun once every year. Quotes About the Gnomic Present Tense Joan Bybee, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca, The Evolution of Grammar Another use that Present Tenses sometimes have is...in timeless or generic statements, such as elephants have trunks. Such statements are true in the past, present, and future — as long as elephants exist. The usual term for this meaning is gnomic present. Gnomic: the situation described in the proposition is generic; the predicate has held, holds, and will hold for the class of entities named by the subject. Deirdre N. McCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics Economic style appeals in various ways to an ethos worthy of belief. For example, a test claiming authority uses the gnomic present, as in the sentence you are reading now, or in the Bible, or repeatedly in the historian David Landess well-known book on modern economic growth, The Unbound Prometheus. Thus, in one paragraph on p. 562, large-scale, mechanized manufacture requires not only machines and buildings...but...social capital...These are costly because the investment required is lumpy...The return on such investment is often long deferred. Only the last sentences of the paragraph connect the rest to the narrative past: the burden has tended to grow.The advantage of the gnomic present is its claim to the authority of General Truth, which is another of its names in grammar...The disadvantage is that it sidesteps whether it is asserting a historical fact...or a general truth...or perhaps merely a tautology. H. Tsoukas and C. Knudsen, The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory What are the advantages of the use of the gnomic present?...Partly, it has to do with ethos: both [the] Bible and folklore wisdom favor the gnomic present. Partly, it is a matter of [a] special kind of logos. There is no base on which to contest a statement in gnomic present. Any sentence situated in real time and place can be contested as to its validity: there are other witnesses, or at least there are counter-examples from different places and times. Not so with the gnomic present, which is situated no-place in no-time. Quote Using Gnomic Present Charles Dickens, Barnaby Rudge A mob  is  usually a creature of very mysterious existence, particularly in a large city. Where it  comes  from, or  whither  it  goes, few men can tell. Assembling and dispersing with equal suddenness, it  is  as difficult to follow to its various sources  as  the sea itself. Sheldon Cooper, The Lizard-Spock Expansion, The Big Bang Theory Scissors cuts paper, paper covers rock, rock crushes lizard, lizard poisons Spock, Spock smashes scissors, scissors decapitates lizard, lizard eats paper, paper disproves Spock, Spock vaporizes rock, and as it always has, rock crushes scissors. Sources Bybee, Joan, et al. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, November 15, 1994.Dickens, Charles. Barnaby Rudge. Kindle edition, Amazon Digital Services LLC, May 12, 2012.Landes, D.S. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, July 14, 2003.McCloskey, Deirdre N. The Rhetoric of Economics (Rhetoric of the Human Sciences). 2nd Edition, University of Wisconsin Press, April 15, 1998.Raber, Karen. Ashgate Critical Essays on Women Writers in England, 1550-1700: Volume 6: Elizabeth Cary. 1st Edition, Routledge, May 15, 2017.The Lizard-Spock Expansion. The Big Bang Theory. CBS, 2008. Television.Tsoukas, Haridimos (Editor). The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory: Meta-theoretical Perspectives (Oxford Handbooks). Christian Knudsen (Editor), 1st Edition, Oxford University Press, May 29, 2003.

Healthy People 2020 Correcting Poor Sleep During Early...

Healthy People 2020: Correcting Poor Sleep in Early and Middle Childhood As Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) approaches the end of its decade, one of the newest issues has been established based on the lack of Americans receiving adequate sleep, as well as causing a major disruption in their ability to function effectively. About 25 percent report having problems either staying asleep or not getting adequate sleep to function properly the next day. A new target group has been brought into the forefront by HP2020 includes Early and Middle Childhood (EMC). The goal for this age group is to promote overall â€Å"health and well-being† and the importance of enhancing five chief components of: â€Å"cognitive, social, emotional, language, and physical development† by creating a healthy pathway to a long life (Healthy People, 2016). According to National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR) an estimated 70 million Americans suffer from sleep problems, in which 60 percent are chronic disorders. The NCSDR also estimates $15.9 billion to the national health care bill are correlated to sleep disorders, sleep deprivation, and generalized sleepiness. Consequently, this has increased the cost of lost work production, accidents connected to lack of sleep, and/or contribute to other health problems (National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, 2016). Currently, HP 2020 has one objective specifically for EMC it aimed to â€Å"reduce the proportion of children who have poor quality of sleep (HealthyShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesconsider some of the technology developments that have already led to pervasive computing in the first decades of this twenty-first century. Computer Hardware: Faster, Cheaper, Mobile Computer-on-a-chip (microcomputer) technology was available as early as the 1970s, and the introduction of the first IBM Personal Computer (PC) in 1981 was the beginning of desktop computing. Today, desktop and portable computers produced by manufacturers around the world have become commodity products with processing

The Handmaids Tale Essay - 1732 Words

Brenda Guillen Professor XXX Class November 8, 2017 Then vs. Now, the Realities of of Atwood’s ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ in Modern Day America The novel quot;The Handmaid#39;s Talequot; written by Margaret Atwood in 1985 is a fictional novel about Gilead, a place ruled by male religious fundamentalists who rape women labeled as handmaids to bear children for infertile wives. The society encourages the enslavement of women to control their reproductive rights. While Atwood’s novel depicts a fictional place, it describes a very real reality in modern day America. In America and other parts other world, women are constantly treated as inferior to men, in regards to workplace pay, civil rights, and even access to their own reproductive†¦show more content†¦Women in Gilead worked different jobs designed to fuel the population of Gilead. They formed their own alliances and hostilities, but never rose against men who raped, abused and suppressed them (Weigel 2). Atwood wrote ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ not from her own imagination, but from events that took place in her times based on the state of the international politics (Jones 2). She recalls how her novel drew inspiration from the political stories of her time and how she took clips from the newspapers about â€Å"falling birth rates, repressive policies on contraception and abortion† (Weigel 5). To illustrate, in the 1980’s, the President of Romania banned birth control in the country as an effort to increase birth rates. The country, like the fictional one presented in the Handmaid’s Tale, were experiencing the results of climate change and pollution and wanted an increase in the population. On the home front, Americans were experiencing epidemics like AIDS, the carcinogenic effects of nuclear waste accidents and the increase of polygamy and the Mormon sect. Today we still deal with some of these issues. A future similar to the one depicted in Gilead is possible. 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Problems of Social Electronic Commerce-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities and Poblems of Social Electronic Commerce. Asnwer: Introduction The advance in social media application development caused the new paradigm of e-commerce represented in the social commerce. Social media applications facilitate on-line shopping activities of products and services. Business organizations have to develop their websites on social media, according to consumer preferences to facilitate their transaction in the social context. Social commerce brings e-commerce to the social media context and the social media at the same time could be transferred to the e-commerce website. Although social commerce mainly refers to practicing e-commerce activities within the social media context. Social commerce is mainly dedicated to the social activities as collaboration, information sharing and networking(Huang Benyoucef, 2015). The social interaction of users is due to the wide spread of the social networking sites. Consumers are free to join the social groups of their choice, communicate, share information, knowledge and practices with each other. This social interaction influences the buying behavior of users according to the perceived information from their friends. The social commerce empowered buyers over the sellers. The social support is likely to increase the social commerce activities and influence more buyers, as users make informed contributions among social groups. These interactions are analyzed by business organizations to know the buyers' attitudes and predict their future activities (Hajli Sims, 2015). This report mainly focuses on the opportunities and challenges of the social electronic commerce. It consists of three parts, the first part discusses the possible opportunities of social electronic commerce, the second part analyses the possible problems of social electronic commerce. The third part introduces strategies to reduce risks in social commerce. First: Opportunities of social electronic commerce The increasing number of social media applications created many opportunities for organizations to developed business models based on the concept of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Social commerce provides a marketplace for users to sell their products on line. Many companies use the social commerce as, Yahoo, eBay and Amazon, as they got the opportunity of user participation to create value from the social networks. The social commerce provides a user centered environment, which creates social interaction as it motivates the users to shop together, which create advantage to the seller represented in increased sales volume, higher level of user engagement and creates strong relations between the organization and the customer (Huang Benyoucef, 2015). Social commerce encourages organizations to provide high quality products, increase the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns and analyze users' preferences to predict the future trends of the market. The social media changed both of the consumer and the companies' roles as the electronic word of mouth marketing has developed. As the word of mouth marketing changed the way the consumers behave is also changed (Jim, et al., 2015). The key to successful social commerce is the social influence of the customers. As the social support from other encourages the user influence to the product. This influence is the driver of the customer decision of buying the product (Wanga Yu, 2017). As a social marketplace, social media encourage users to share information and experiences about shopping products which affects the decisions of their peers. Information sharing between consumers on social media takes place before and after shopping online. It can take the form of rating recommendation or review of the seller or the product. There are a variety of activities that could take place in the social media marketplace as pre-shopping activities, the decision making of shopping and evaluation after-shopping. Accordingly organizations can benefit from these activities in creating their business strategies to improve their performance (Lin, et al., 2017). Social aspect of online shopping Shopping by nature is considered a social activity. The social commerce provides escrow services and accepts guarantees transactions done with the credit card. Social media channel strengths the social nature of the shopping activities in the online shopping activity. It also allows the organizations to take the initiative of the social interaction and to manage the interaction with the customers. Social commerce focuses on the social activities as collaboration and information sharing, unlike the e-commerce, which mainly focuses on the shopping activities. When buyers access the products from social media applications, they can get the information they need from other shoppers' experiences and they gain more knowledge about the purpose of the purpose of their shopping and to make accurate purchasing decision (Lu, et al., 2016). Social resources as a predictor of consumer expertise The information resources available on the social media, when the consumer interacts with one of its applications he can get the information needed to make the buying decision. The type of information the consumers' access to gain knowledge enables the seller to differentiate between the beginner and the expert consumer. Analytics tools can provide the organizations with the type of consumers and their preferences (Barrutia, et al., 2016). Technological support to social commerce The on-line shopping through social media is different from the shopping experience in the offline context. The social commerce provides buyers with informational and emotional support. But in the online context, people do not have human interaction. The technology of social commerce is represented in applications and web 2.0 technologies which influence consumers to participate in blogs, communities and forums. The variety of technological platforms attract different styles of users, which creates an opportunity for business organizations to choose their target customers (Hajli, 2013). Factors that influence consumer intention in social commerce and creates opportunities for the business organization According to Akman Mishra (2017), the consumer driving factors towards social commerce are as follows: Using social commerce involves security aspects, as consumers need to feel that their transactions are secure. Securing the user access increases the opportunity for shopping and risk reduction. Quality also plays a vital role in making shopping decisions. Trust in the product quality creates reliability. It is important to provide an easy access and make the shopping process enjoying to the shoppers in order to attract them. The easiness and enjoyment assist in the user engagement in the technology mechanism. The social pressure affects the consumers in a positive way when they find support from trusted people within the social network and accordingly, the opportunity of their engagement increases. It is important to shoppers to be satisfied when using the information and communication technology. As social network is the platform where communication takes place between users and it should be developed on a regular basis to attract users. Also, users should be involved in the development process to ensure that the application satisfies their needs. Satisfaction involves easiness, usefulness, expectations and experiences. Small companies can make use of advanced technology in promoting their products to be able to compete globally and take the opportunity that the social commerce offer to them. They should adopt strategies to promote their brands through social networks. It is important for business organizations to be ethical in their presence on the social network as the perceived ethics affect the shoppers' response and enables better sharing of information among users. Second: Problems of social electronic commerce It is a challenging task for business organizations to make their social platform socially accepted. Organizations have to add features to fulfill the user needs. These features include the logo of the brand, recommended products, reviews and feedback, customized products and discounts. It is important for business organizations to understand the market needs and consumer expectations. The social commerce website of the seller should be evaluated according to users' perspectives of the required social features. The absence of this analysis will lead to the failure of the business strategy of social commerce as it should be based on actual, quality and timely information(Huang Benyoucef, 2015). Trust in social commerce: Almost all of the economic transactions are built on trust. The social commerce platform lacks the rules so users tend to trust the seller when taking the shopping decision. Trust is also the most important factor in e-commerce. The social context can be a source of providing trust or the opposite. In social commerce, trust in the seller is the major aspect then comes the trust in the marketplace. The buyer interaction through the website should create a trust, analysts describe this relationship as similar to the interpersonal interaction. Being able to view the previous purchase actions of buyers, directs the behavior of the buyers according to the perceived information (Lu, et al., 2016). It is important to reduce the perceived risk of the buyers through monitoring their purchasing performance indicators in different modes of transactions (Zheng, et al., 2015). Members intention in social commerce The shared intention among group members reflects the individual intention of the group members. It is considered a collective intention of the entire group. That is why it is considered a social value which influences the group members' behaviors. It is also considered informational value as interaction among group members includes information sharing, which impact their attitudes and buying behavior (Sun, et al., 2016). Risk of social commerce There are different types of risks that could take place in the social commerce, including, product, channel and social related risk. The product-related risk, concerns with whether the product specifications meet the consumer expectations or fail to do this. The channel-related risk concerns with the consumer's feeling towards the online buying process, which could be positive or negative. The social-related risk concerns with the buyer attitude with regard to the opinion of his family members or friends. Accordingly, new consumers or pad experienced consumers have high perceived risk towards the social commerce. On the opposite, when the consumer is loyal, his perceived risk is low and the switching cost will be positive (Yen, 2010). Security of social commerce The vendor behavior should be security related. Securing personal and financial information is a very important issue. Security actions include, privacy control, confidentiality control, authentication control and data integrity control. The user perceived security controls his buying behavior. If the users feel safe and their personal information is protected, then confident expectation will be gained. The perceived security is highly related to trust, as the received security increases the trust increases (Choi Nazareth, 2014). Electronic word of mouth The credibility of information is important to the electronic word of mouth in the online context. If the users trust the social commerce website, it is more likely for them to spread electronic word of mouth about the company activities. High level of interaction on the social website, creates an opportunity to the electronic word of mouth behavior to spread (Shi Chow, 2015). Culture in social commerce The social media marketplace makes it easy to define the various communities and cultures. It provides a challenge to the sellers to satisfy the individuals' needs according to their culture and privacy protection. Individuals' culture may be related to high perceived risk towards financial transaction security or personal information protection through the shopping transaction process. Also, it is important for sellers to differentiate between public and private users in the online context (Gajendra Wang, 2014). Social media and brand engagement Brand engagement in social commerce is considered an effective tool for business organizations to spread worldwide. The challenge exists in the fact that social media were created to people not to spread brands. Brands are mainly speeded by electronic word of mouth. The problem is the brand engagement has no measurement either inside the organization or in the social media platform. Accordingly, it is better to organizations try to understand how brand engagement happens and attract more users to the brand. Many forms of engagement do exist, as photo sharing, blogs, videos, chat rooms and forums (Schultz Peltier, 2013). Third: Strategies to reduce risks in social commerce Organizations should be aware that social commerce is challenging to them, as problems may occur and spread widely among users worldwide. There should be a strategy to deal with such cases of crisis to deal with them and reduces their impact. The problem may occur due to information insecurity, in this case, technical handling is necessary at the time of occurrence. It is also considered a responsibility of the consumer to protect his information in the online context, this could be done by using the latest security software and safe browsers while making online transactions (Vos, et al., 2014). The corporate social responsibility (CSR) plays a role in improving business organizations' social commitment, including, their presence in the inline context. CSR assists in keeping the ethical standards of the organizations (Farrokhnia Keith, 2013). Conclusion Social commerce provides a marketplace for users to sell their products on line. The social commerce provides a user centered environment, which creates social interaction as it motivates the users to shop together. It also, encourages organizations to provide high quality products and increase the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns. Social media encourage users to share information and experiences about shopping products which affects the decisions of their peers. Social media channel strengths the social nature of the shopping activities in the online shopping activity. Social commerce focuses on the social activities as collaboration and information sharing, unlike the e-commerce, which mainly focuses on the shopping activities. Trust in the seller is the major aspect in social commerce, then comes the trust in the marketplace. The buyer interaction through the website should create a trust. There are different types of risks that could take place in the social commerce, including, product, channel and social related risk. Securing personal and financial information is a very important issue. Security actions include, privacy control, confidentiality control, authentication control and data integrity control. Social commerce facilitates brand engagement, although, Brands are mainly speeded by electronic word of mouth and it has no measurement either inside the organization or in the social media platform. References Akman, I Mishra, A 2017, 'Factors influencing consumer intention in social commerce adoption', Information Technology People, 30(2), pp. 356-370. Barrutia, J, Paredes, M Echebarria, C 2016, 'Value co-creation in e-commerce contexts: does product type matter?', European Journal of Marketing, 50(3), pp. 442-463. Choi, J Nazareth, D 2014 'Repairing trust in an e-commerce and security context: an agentbased based modeling approach', Information Management Computer Security, 22(5), pp. 490-512. Farrokhnia, F Keith, C 2013, The accountability challenge to global e-commerce: The need to overcome the developed-developing country divide in WTO e-commerce policies. In: Principles and strategies to balance ethical, social and environmental concerns with corporate requirements. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 161-181. Gajendra, S Wang, L 2014, 'Ethical perspectives on e-commerce: an empirical investigation', Internet Research, 24(4), pp. 414-435. Hajli, M 2013, 'A research framework for social commerce adoption', Information Management Computer Security, 21(3), pp. 144-154. Hajli, N Sims, J 2015, Social commerce: The transfer of power from sellers to buyers', Technological Forecasting Social Change, Vol. 94, p. 350358. Huang, Z Benyoucef, M 2015, 'User preferences of social features on social commerce User preferences of social features on social commerce', Technological Forecasting Social Change, Vol. 95, p. 5772. Jim, y, Shen, J Chang, C 2015, 'Electronic service quality of Facebook social commerce and collaborative learning', Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 51, p. 13951402. Lin, X, Li, Y Wang, X 2017, 'Social commerce research: Definition, research themes and the trends', International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 37, p. 190201. Lu, B, Fan, W Zhou, M 2016, 'Social presence, trust, and social commerce purchase intention: An empirical research', Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 56, pp. 225-237. Schultz, D Peltier, J 2013, 'Social media's slippery slope: challenges, opportunities and future research directions', Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 7(2), pp. 86-99. Shi, S Chow, W 2015, 'Trust development and transfer in social commerce: prior experience as moderator', Industrial Management Data Systems, 115(7), pp. 1182-1203. Sun, Y, Kee, K, Fan, C, Lu, Y, Gupta, S 2016, 'Does social climate matter? On friendship groups in social commerce', Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Volume 18, p. 3747. Vos, A, Marinagi, C, Trivellas, P, Eberhagen, N, Giannakopoulos, G, Skourlas, C 2014, 'Electronic service quality in online shopping and risk reduction strategies', Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 16(3), pp. 170-186. Wanga, Y Yu, C 2017, 'Social interaction-based consumer decision-making model in social Commerce: The role of word of mouth and observational learning', International Journal of Information Management, Volume 37, p. 179189. Yen, Y 2010, 'Can perceived risks affect the relationship of switching costs and customer loyalty in e?commerce?', Internet Research, 20(2), pp. 210-224. Zheng, H, Hung, J, Lin, Z Wu, J 2015, 'The value of guarantee in service e-commerce', Nankai Business Review International, 6(1), pp. 82-102.